Rethinking Open Borders with Greek Cypriots (youtube.com) <- Video Link

In recent developments across Europe, a noticeable shift is occurring as several European Union countries are reintroducing border controls, questioning the long-held principle of free movement within the Schengen Area. This trend raises significant questions for the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC): Should we reconsider our open border policy with the Greek side?

As the EU grapples with internal security and migration concerns, it's imperative for Turkish Cypriots to evaluate the effectiveness of our border arrangements, assess who truly benefits, and contemplate the potential economic and social impacts of any changes.

The European Context: A Retreat from Open Borders

The Schengen Agreement, a cornerstone of EU integration, allows passport-free movement across most of the continent. However, recent reports, such as those highlighted by Channel 4 News, indicate that countries like Austria, Germany, and France are reinstating border checks. The reasons range from concerns over irregular migration to security threats and public health issues.

Dr. Catherine Woollard, Director of the European Council on Refugees and Exiles, notes, "The reintroduction of border controls reflects a growing anxiety among EU states about managing migration and security within the bloc."¹ This shift signifies a reevaluation of national interests over collective European ideals.

Emerging Challenges: Refugees and Asylum Seekers

Adding to these concerns, a recent ruling by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) against the Greek Cypriot government has brought attention to issues surrounding refugees and asylum seekers on the island. According to a report by The Guardian, two Syrian refugees won compensation after the court found that their rights were violated when they were denied access to asylum procedures and detained in the buffer zone.²

This landmark ruling may embolden other refugees in the buffer zone to seek similar remedies, potentially leading to an increase in asylum seekers attempting to cross into the TRNC or using the island as a transit point. The implications for the TRNC are significant, as this could strain resources and pose additional security challenges.

Legal expert Dr. Elif Nurlu comments, "The ECHR ruling highlights systemic issues in handling asylum seekers. For the TRNC, which is not internationally recognized and lacks the support mechanisms of larger states, an influx of refugees could present substantial logistical and security concerns."³

The Green Line: A Delicate Balance in Cyprus

In Cyprus, the Green Line separates the TRNC from the Greek-controlled south. Since the opening of border crossings in 2003, there has been a steady flow of people between the two sides. Greek Cypriots often cross northward to purchase more affordable goods like petrol and cigarettes, dine in restaurants, and enjoy the natural beauty of the TRNC. Similarly, Turkish Cypriots sometimes travel south for work or leisure.

However, this openness warrants scrutiny. The core question is: Who benefits more from these open borders? While there is economic activity generated, it's essential to assess whether the advantages are mutual or skewed in favor of one side.

Economic Implications: Weighing the Benefits

The influx of Greek Cypriot visitors contributes to the TRNC economy. According to a report by the Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce, an estimated 950,000 crossings from the south occurred in 2022, injecting approximately €30 million into the northern economy.⁴ This revenue supports local businesses, particularly in the retail and hospitality sectors.

Yet, when considering the broader economic context, this contribution is relatively modest. The TRNC's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) exceeds €4 billion, making the €30 million from border crossings less than 1% of the total economy.⁵

Professor Mehmet Hasgüler of Near East University states, "While there is a financial gain, it is relatively modest and may not outweigh the potential risks associated with open borders, such as unregulated trade and security concerns."⁶

Security and Sovereignty: Lessons from Europe

The EU's move to tighten internal borders stems from legitimate concerns over security, irregular migration, and the protection of national interests. For the TRNC, similar issues arise. The lack of stringent controls may pose risks, including the potential for illegal activities and the undermining of our sovereignty.

The recent ECHR ruling further underscores the need for vigilance. As refugees and asylum seekers may feel encouraged to challenge existing protocols, the TRNC could face increased pressure at its borders. This situation necessitates a reassessment of our border policies to ensure that we can effectively manage any potential influx and maintain security.

Former TRNC President Derviş Eroğlu highlighted this concern, saying, "We must ensure that our open border policy does not compromise our security or the integrity of our nation."⁷

Assessing the Need for Change

Given the evolving landscape in Europe and our unique circumstances, several options merit consideration:

1. Enhanced Border Controls: Implementing more stringent checks could improve security without completely closing the borders. This approach aligns with measures taken by some EU countries.

2. Visa Requirements or Fees: Introducing a nominal visa fee for Greek Cypriot visitors could generate additional revenue and regulate the flow of people. It would also assert the TRNC's sovereignty.

3. Selective Closure: Temporarily closing certain crossings or limiting hours of operation might address specific security concerns while maintaining some level of openness.

4. Maintain Status Quo with Adjustments: Keeping the borders open but investing in better infrastructure and training for border personnel to enhance efficiency and safety.

Potential Economic Impact of Closing Borders

Closing the borders entirely could have negative repercussions. The TRNC might lose the economic boost from Greek Cypriot visitors, affecting small businesses and the tourism sector. Additionally, it could escalate tensions and reduce opportunities for potential dialogue.

However, when considering the potential security risks highlighted by the ECHR ruling and the relatively modest economic benefit, the argument for reexamining our border policy gains weight. Introducing visa fees or enhancing controls could offset any financial losses while strengthening our national security.

Economist and researcher Dr. Sibel Safi warns, "An abrupt closure could harm our economy more than it helps our security. We need a balanced approach that considers all factors."⁸

Who Benefits More?

Analyzing the flow of goods and services suggests that Greek Cypriots may gain more immediate economic benefits due to price differentials favoring purchases in the north. The substantial number of Greek Cypriots crossing into the TRNC to capitalize on lower prices indicates that they may benefit more from the open borders.

By reassessing our border policies, we could implement measures that ensure a fairer distribution of benefits. For instance, visa fees could contribute to our economy and help manage the flow of visitors more effectively.

Reflecting on European Anxiety

The EU's internal border closures reflect deeper anxieties about control, identity, and security. For the TRNC, these themes resonate. The combination of Europe's shifting stance, the recent ECHR ruling, and potential migration pressures compel us to ask whether our current policies adequately protect our national interests and whether adjustments are necessary in light of changing dynamics both locally and globally.

TCE Conclusion: Navigating a Path Forward

The decision to alter our border policy with the Greek side is multifaceted, involving economic, security, and diplomatic considerations. While open borders have facilitated economic activity and some level of intercommunal contact, they also pose challenges that cannot be ignored.

A balanced approach is essential. As President Ersin Tatar of the TRNC states, "We must safeguard our sovereignty and security while fostering an environment that supports our economy and the well-being of our people."⁹

In light of Europe's shifting stance on internal borders and emerging challenges highlighted by recent legal rulings, it's prudent for the TRNC to reevaluate our policies. Whether through enhanced controls, visa requirements, or other measures, the goal should be to strike a balance that reflects our national interests and ensures a prosperous and secure future for Turkish Cypriots.

References:

¹ Woollard, C. (2023). Interview on EU Border Policies. European Council on Refugees and Exiles.

² Smith, H. (2024). ECHR Ruling for Cyprus Asylum Seekers May Embolden Refugees in Buffer Zone. The Guardian.

³ Nurlu, E. (2024). Implications of ECHR Rulings on Refugee Policy in Cyprus. Cyprus Legal Journal.

⁴ Turkish Cypriot Chamber of Commerce. (2022). Annual Economic Report.

⁵ TRNC Statistical Institute. (2023). Gross Domestic Product Report.

⁶ Hasgüler, M. (2023). The Economics of Border Policies in Cyprus. Near East University Publications.

⁷ Eroğlu, D. (2015). Speech on National Security. TRNC Presidential Archives.

⁸ Safi, S. (2023). Economic Implications of Border Closures. Cyprus Economic Review.

⁹ Tatar, E. (2024). Address on TRNC Border Policy. TRNC Presidential Office.